100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more.This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.#WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.Demystified Videos In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions.

Britannica Classics Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives.

Britannica Explains In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions.

Against this, a number of geographic co-ordinates preserved in astronomical or geographical tables, and several passages quoted by al-Bīrūnī, are manifestly taken from Ptolemy’s Geography, which shows that some parts of the Geography had been translated into Arabic and used independently, albeit we do not know the exact origins of these translations. After the ninth century, almost all the citations in Arabic geographic texts that claim to come from Ptolemy’s Geography actually derive from al-Khwārizmī. If the toponyms of the Muslim world in this work are those of the ninth century, the territories situated beyond, in Africa and in Asia, display toponyms derived from Ptolemy, perhaps through the intermediary of a Syriac adaption (possibly in the form of a map).

On the other hand, at the beginning of the third/ninth century an adaptation of Ptolemy was made by al-Khwārizmī for the caliph al-Maʿmūn, in the form of a book entitled Kitāb ṣūrat al-arḍ or Geography. Was it a translation of the eight books of the Geography without maps, or were the maps themselves either “translated” into Arabic or redesigned? The statements of contemporaries on the subject of the Geography offer contradictory evidence. As this translation is lost, the exact nature of the work escapes us. From the ninth century, some Arab authors mention the existence of a translation of Ptolemy’s Geography.

The Geography by Ptolemy